Eli Phinney was born at the Town of Barnstable, January 16, 1727, a son of Thomas Phinney and Reliance Goodspeed. He was the oldest of seven children with siblings Lydia, Sarah, Isaac, Patience, Abigail and Elizabeth.
At the age of twenty-five he married his first cousin Mary Phinney, a daughter of Jabez Phinney and his wife Jane Taylor. Together Eli and Mary had nine children born between 1755 and 1753: Richard, Susanna, Deborah, Solomon, Paul, William, Edward, Jane and Robert.
Eli Phinney was an active citizen of the Town of Barnstable, serving in the position of Town Selectman from 1765 through 1770: and Town Assessor from 1766 through 1770. As difficulties developed between the colonies and Parliament, notable men from Barnstable took major leadership roles at Town Meetings and in the Provincial Congress. At the October 12, 1774 Town Meeting the Honorable James Otis, Esq. was chosen moderator, followed by the vote to choose a committee to join with the Committee of other towns in the County to “...Consult on measures to prevent disorder in the same...” with James Otis, Major Joseph Otis, Daniel Davis, Eli Phinney and others were selected for said committee and that it be a “Committee of Correspondence.”
Again, at a April 25, 1775, Town Meeting, James Otis was selected moderator, followed by a vote to purchase one hundred and twenty small arms, and to purchase ammunition to be added to the Town stock, and that Daniel Davis, Colonel Joseph Otis, and Mr. Eli Phinney be a Committee “...for to purchase arms and ammunition...” Later that year at the Town Meeting of July 6, it was voted to choose a Committee of Safety, with William Taylor, Jonathan Crocker, John Lewis, Joseph Hallet, Eli Phinney, John Crocker and Samuel Crocker chosen for said purpose.
At a March 5, 1776 Town Meeting, it was voted to choose a Committee of Correspondence, Inspection and Safety, with Deacon Crocker, Samuel Crocker, John Lewis, Eli Phinney and Joseph Hallet chosen for said purpose. At this same Town Meeting a “...Committee to inquire into and state the grievances this town labor under in general & why persons are taken by an armed force & any of them carried out of the County for trial without first being examined by the Committee of Safety...” choosing Eli Phinney, Captain William Taylor, Daniel Davis, Captain Ebenezer Jenkins, Captain Sturgis Gorham and Samuel Crocker for said committee.
The final service to the Town of Barnstable given by Eli Phinney was when he was elected to be Representative to the General Court by the major vote of the electors present at the Town Meeting of June 25, 1776.
On Monday the February 3, 1777 Eli Phinney died "...in the 51st year of his age..." and was buried in the Centerville Ancient Cemetery. His wife Mary lived another forty-four years and died February 21, 1821 "...in her 86th year...," when she was buried beside her husband Eli.